Blood levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with symptoms suggesting reactive hypoglycemia

We evaluated the impact of postprandial glycemia on blood levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during an oral glucose tolerance test in non-diabetic patients with symptoms suggesting reactive hypoglycemia. Eleven patients with clinical symptoms suggesting reactive hypoglycemia received an oral glucose solution (75 g) Blood was collected at 0 (baseline), 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after glucose ingestion and the plasma concentrations of interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interleukin 13 (IL-13), interleukin 15 (IL-15), interleukin 17 (IL-17), IFN-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and 1β (MIP-1β) were evaluated. Overall, glycemic levels increased, reached its maximum at 30 min (phase 1), returned to baseline levels at 120 min (phase 2), followed by a mild hypoglycemia at 180 min (phase 3). During phase 1, cytokine blood levels were maintained. However, we observed a synchronous fall (P<0.05) in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory (IL-15, IL-17, MCP-1) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (FGF-basic, IL-13, IL-1RA) during phase 2. Furthermore, a simultaneous rise (P<0.05) of pro-inflammatory (IL-2, IL-5, IL-17) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-1RA, IL-2R, IL-13, FGF-basic) occurred during phase 3. Thus, mild acute hypoglycemia but not a physiological increase of glycemia was associated with increased blood levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, and interferon-alpha serum levels in neonatal sepsis and septic shock

The aim of this study was to evaluate TNF-alpha, IL-8 IFN- gamma serum levels as markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of neonatal sepsis and septic shock. TNF-alpha was measured by enzyme immunoassay [EIA], while IL-8 and IFN-gamma were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] in serum samples from 65 newborns with proven sepsis. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-8 were significantly higher in newborns with Gram-negative than in those with Gram-positive bacterial infections. TNF-alpha serum levels correlated positively with IL-8. However, there was no significant correlation between TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma or between IL-8 and IFN-gamma. In conclusion, elevated serum levels of TNF- alpha and IL-8 could be considered as sensitive and specific parameters for predicting sepsis, septic shock and their clinical outcomes in newborn infants

Imunogenicidade da cepa avirulenta RV194-2 do vírus rábico em camundongos / Immunogenicity of the RV194-2 rabies virus avirulent strain in mice

RV194-2 rabies virus, an avirulent mutant of CVS strain, induces an inapparent infection limited to the central nervous system (CNS) in adult mice inoculated intracerebrally. This fact suggest that immune response of the host is able to eliminate the virus in CNS. For this reason, we have studied the induction of interferon and the humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice after RV194-2 inoculation. These mice presented high levels of interferon in the plasma and in the brain, with elevated levels of neutralizing antirabies antibodies. The 2-5A synthetase, an enzyme marker of interferon action, was analyzed in the brain of inoculated animals. Its enhancement in parallel to the interferon production in the brain, showed biochemical evidence that this interferon is active. Forty five days after RV194-2 virus inoculation, mice were protected against a challenge with the CVS virulent strain. The results presented herein show that RV194-2 strain has a high level of immunogenicity.

Activity of a platelet protein kinase that phosphorylates fibrinogen and histone in Argentine hemorragic fever

La actividad de una proteinoquinasa plaquetaria que fosforila la cadena alfa del fibrinógeno y la histona como substrato exógeno, se evaluo en 28 pacientes con fiebre hemorrágica argentina, agrupados de acuerdo a la forma clínica en: 13 leves, 6 comunes y 9 graves. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron antes del tratmiento con plasma inmune, 4 dias después y en la convalescencia. La fosforilación de la histona exógena y del fibrinógeno se estudió con 25 Ci/mmol ( gamma-32p)-ATP. Simultaneamente se efectuó el recuesto de plaquetas y se midió la actividad del interferon alfa (IFN). La fosforilación de la histona se halló por debajo de los valores normales en todos los pacientes durante la fase aguda de la enfermedad. Esta reducción fue coincidente con los titulos más altos de IFN. La fosforilación del fibrinógeno estuvo igualmente disminuida. La fosforilación de la histona y del fibrinógeno estaban aun disminuidos 4 dias después del tratamiento, cuando el IFN era practicamente no dosable. El bajo nivel de fosforilación no puede atribuirse solamente a una disminución del número de plaquetas y podría ser otra evidencia de la existencia de una alteración plaquetaria en los pacientes con fiebre hemorragica argentina

Serum interferon activity of patients with leishmaniasis

Serum from a significant proportion of 29 cutaneous and 12 mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patients exhibited interferon activity in a cytopathic assay: positive tests were obtained for 24.1% and 41.7% of the patients, respectively. Similar positive frequencies were observed in other parasitic diseases (schistosomiasis, 12.5%; toxoplasmosis, 20%; Chagas' disease, 16%; leprosy, 12.5%; tuberculosis, 30%). In contrast, none of the 44 serum samples from American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) patients had interferon activity during the active stage of the disease. However, 13% of the samples obtained from patients recovered from AVL were positive